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You can use the Google Places API to get at this data. It will allow you to specify a Lat/Long coordination and return places based on a radius distance. There is also documentation for Javascript based application. Here's some info from the first article on using Place Search: The Google Places API allows you to query for place information on a ...

I think the ones you mention pretty much cover what is available actually - the only other ones are the node, way and relation parameters for overlaying specific OpenStreetMap objects on the map. I would add though that most of these parameters are considered internal implementation details for use by the OpenStreetMap site itself and you shouldn't really ...