I might have found it myself. WP lists this very promising page about Publicize and it says to open Google+ (in a browser, not smartphone!) and then go to Settings > Manage apps & activities.
I'm on mobile now so I'll check this from home and confirm.
update: Yes, this is how to change the audience for new WP posts. The circle choices are:
- Public
- extended circles
- your circles
- your organization (if you're a Google Apps user)
- only you
- custom (this is where you can specify any mix of circles you like)